From Reuters, a report on efforts by small-scale gold miners in South America to minimize negative social and environmental impact by providing an alternative source of gold to international markets:

He used to collect the abandoned mine’s tailings, mix them with mercury, and sell the amalgam to middlemen in a nearby town.

Then he joined forces with a small group of illicit miners to set up Aurelsa as a legal company in 2000, paying taxes and abiding by industry regulations.

It struggled at first to compete with illicit operations that had virtually no overhead but in 2011 it opened talks with the Alliance for Responsible Mining (ARM), an advocacy group that seeks to improve small-scale miners’ working conditions through direct sales to overseas customers.

Aurelsa, with 45 employees, made its first direct international sale in June 2013, a 2.2-pound (1-kg) shipment of gold certified as “ethical” by ARM, and it has exported another 22 pounds (10 kg) of ethical gold since.

While Aurelsa still sells some gold to middlemen, it hopes that all of its production – currently at 4.4-6.6 pounds (2-3 kg) per month – will soon be marketed and sold as “ethical gold”.

There are three other mines like Aurelsa in South America and last year they exported a combined 790 pounds (360 kg) of “ethical gold” to boutique jewelers in the United States and in Europe.

Miners at Aurelsa work in well-lit tunnels and take home regular paychecks, a vast improvement over other mines in Relave, a town of about 4,000 people.

Across from Aurelsa’s active mineshaft, hundreds of illicit miners dig without protective gear at La Capitana, an imposing hunk of rock that locals say has been mined for more than two centuries.

“In any one of those, you’d have to crawl to get inside, and you wouldn’t be able to see anything,” said Daniel Arcos, an Aurelsa engineer.

Read more at http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-peru-gold-ethical-idUSBREA230FR20140304